There's only about 50 megs of data on it already, so am I reading it right that attaching the second drive caused it to mirror automatically and it copied over the 51.4MB?
It certainly seems that way!
I *think* I've got it working correct now, am I right? Everything will be mirrored automatically from now on?
By what your zpool status says (both in GUI and CLI no less), I'd be confident of that, yes.
Since there's so little data on it anyway - if you want to be 100% sure, do what I did and remove first disk0 and see if all data is available. Then plug it back and remove disk1 and check again.
Takes 10 minutes of work and you'll be feeling super confident of your mirror.
EDIT: When I go in to add a SMART test, I only see the first disk available. Shouldn't the second disk be in there also?
Yes, it should be.
However, I've had so many problems with the GUI that were GUI-specific, I wouldn't worry about it too much. Yes, it's an annoyance, but shouldn't be an indication of something going wrong.
Hopefully someone will have a workaround.